The gradients and heterogeneity of multilingualism across societies are better understood. Researchers gain further insights into the impacts of multilingualism on language use and broader cognition. Changes to language-learning abilities across the lifespan are more fully documented.
Definitive evidence from more diverse samples of languages and learners confirms (or denies) the reality of a sensitive period for language acquisition. The relationship between neurodivergence and multilingualism is better understood. The impacts of technologies such as the internet, social media and AI on multilingualism become clear.
Improved data and models capture the relationships between mass migration, social identity and multilingualism. Long-term impacts of language policies promoting minority and minoritised languages in high-migration societies are documented. Improved language technologies facilitate multilingual language-learning in adults.
Research clearly documents the positive impacts of multilingual education policies that encourage and maintain the use of students’ mother tongue in both primary and secondary schools.54 A key challenge is to understand how people learn multiple languages, and thus improve language-learning outcomes, particularly in adults. There is ongoing debate about whether there is a “sensitive period” after which language learning becomes substantially impaired.58 However, recent evidence suggests that native-like outcomes are possible even up to adulthood.59 Notably, the empirical data on second-language acquisition involves an over-representation of English, and more reliable methods of measuring vocabulary and grammatical knowledge in multilingual children and adults are needed.60 The limits of adult language-learning abilities across diverse settings remain poorly understood. Likewise, it is crucial to better understand how learning a second language affects the first one, a process commonly called “attrition”, which can nevertheless be seen as a normal change due to language contact.61 There is also an emerging field exploring how multilingualism interacts with neurodivergence.62 Importantly, researchers are now developing new metrics of multilingualism.63 These seek to capture more nuance in people’s ability to communicate across language barriers: for instance, measuring subtle gradations in fluency.64
The Anticipation Potential of a research field is determined by the capacity for impactful action in the present, considering possible future transformative breakthroughs in a field over a 25-year outlook. A field with a high Anticipation Potential, therefore, combines the potential range of future transformative possibilities engendered by a research area with a wide field of opportunities for action in the present. We asked researchers in the field to anticipate:
This chart represents a summary of their responses to each of these elements, which when combined, provide the Anticipation Potential for the topic. See methodology for more information.
