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The study of Quantum Effects in Biology looks at quantum properties that may confer specific advantages that may have been selected for by evolution. The prime contenders for functions that use quantum processes to work are those that classical biology has struggled to fully explain: photosynthesis, avian magnetoreception,[^1] some types of enzyme catalysis, and – tantalisingly yet controversially – olfaction.\n\nQuantum technologies developed for computing, sensing, and simulation are beginning to offer entirely new tools for probing, understanding, and ultimately manipulating biological systems, and may help investigate whether biology is exploiting quantum effects such as “superposition”, where objects exist in undefined energy states; “coherence”, where quantum information is held in states that are impossible in normal “classical” physics; “tunnelling”, where quantum objects cross seemingly impossible energy barriers; and “entanglement”, where the properties of two or more quantum objects become linked and interdependent no matter the physical separation between them.\n\nProof remains elusive, however. Furthermore, there is, as yet, limited consensus on how to measure life’s quantum properties. Connecting tiny quantum states like entanglement and coherence to macro-scale functions like sensing, behaviour, and energy management is beyond existing scientific capability. New tools from biophysics and synthetic biology are starting to help, alongside new linguistic and conceptual frameworks. \n\nThe challenge to the field of quantum biology, then, is to find ways to rigorously certify and measure the influence of quantum effects in the noisy, warm, and complex environment of living matter. It is a challenge worth accepting. If evolution has indeed exploited quantum processes to optimise certain biological functions, powerful new forms of biomimicry become possible. Identifying and reverse-engineering these functions creates new capabilities that have the potential to open new frontiers in biology, medicine, materials science, and biotechnology.\n\n**KEY TAKEAWAYS**\n\nResearch programmes have long sought to establish whether some biological processes exploit the unusual phenomena and processes that are normally only seen at the smallest scales of matter. Certain behaviours associated with atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles could conceivably convey advantage if used on the scale of a biological organism. However, Measuring Quantum Processes and Effects in Biology** is extremely challenging. It will require the development of new tools and instruments, and possibly new linguistic frameworks in which to place any findings. Ultimately, the aim would be to establish the presence of Functional Quantum Coherence in Living Systems: the existence of long-lasting quantum states within biological cells, for instance, would prove that the warm, wet environments of biology are not a barrier to establishing and maintaining useful quantum characteristics. If such phenomena can be isolated, it may be possible to use our Quantum Technologies as Tools for Biology. This could be a symbiotic relationship, with ultra-sensitive quantum sensors revealing the properties and processes of biological cells, and biological matter providing new quantum information-processing capabilities. Eventually, Engineering Quantum-Enhanced Life Processes may become possible. This would involve designing, modifying, or controlling biological systems to perform tasks that are impossible with everyday “classical” physics."},"intro":{"text":"Quantum mechanics has long been understood as the foundational framework of chemistry and molecular physics, yet its role in living systems has remained deeply controversial. Despite decades of observations and speculation about quantum involvement in avian migration, metabolism, photosynthesis, and olfaction, the scientific consensus has tended to dismiss life as being too warm, wet, and “noisy” to involve anything but trivial quantum phenomena. This is partly due to our need to isolate our own quantum-powered technologies from their environment in order for them to work: there is a sense that quantum effects will always be “washed out” by connection with large-scale systems. Over the past two decades, however, mounting experimental evidence has suggested that certain quantum effects may indeed play functional roles in some biological processes, despite the noise of the environment."},"anticipatoryImpact":{"text":"This graph shows the opinion of current researchers in the field on how anticipated developments in their field will impact each of GESDA’s three essential questions: Who are we as humans? How can we best live together in societies? What is our relationship with the planet? GESDA’s science anticipation aims to inform discussion around these three questions."},"indicatorValues":[{"id":"6aac3d28b9ae25d9ac306d41","value":"0.590","numericValue":0.59,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"6abf623ac60710a1e1960f28","value":"0.6142113095","numericValue":0.6142113095,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"6a86a906592c5bababa6ba7e","name":"Significance of possible future advances","title":"Significance of possible future advances","slug":"significance-of-possible-future-advances","dataSetId":"NORMALISED_MEAN_IMPACT_RESEARCH_PSP","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a30e","value":"#0076B7"}}},{"id":"6abf624ec60710a1e1960f2e","value":"0.5654761905","numericValue":0.5654761905,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"6a86a946592c5bababa6ba8b","name":"Potential for impactful action","title":"Potential for impactful action","slug":"potential-for-impactful-action-1","dataSetId":"SCOPE_FOR_ACTION","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a320","value":"#EB6410"}}},{"id":"6abf6262c60710a1e1960f34","value":"0.5535714286","numericValue":0.5535714286,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"6a9f993c670cd190fd1356df","name":"Impact on People","title":"Impact on People","slug":"impact-on-people","dataSetId":null,"color":{"id":"6a9fa21e670cd190fd1356f8","value":"#fcbe0d"}}},{"id":"6abf6271c60710a1e1960f3a","value":"0.5","numericValue":0.5,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"6a9f994c670cd190fd1356e3","name":"Impact on Planet","title":"Impact on Planet","slug":"impact-on-planet","dataSetId":null,"color":{"id":"6a9fa245670cd190fd135700","value":"#83a599"}}},{"id":"6abf6281c60710a1e1960f40","value":"0.6160714286","numericValue":0.6160714286,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"6a9f995c670cd190fd1356e7","name":"Impact on Society","title":"Impact on Society","slug":"impact-on-society","dataSetId":null,"color":{"id":"6a9fa236670cd190fd1356fc","value":"#d88c73"}}}],"editions":[{"id":"6916e223c3e8f4530aa9c10c","name":"2026","slug":"2026","numericValue":2026}],"anticipatoryImpactImage":null,"embeds":{"citations":[],"imageAssets":[]},"videos":[],"surveyObservations":{"text":""},"color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a319","name":"Green","slug":"green","value":"#68AE9B","darkValue":"#066152","veryDarkValue":"#02201b"},"banner":{"id":"6abf5fa4c60710a1e1960e21","name":"\"Flower power: Patchwork of cycloheptane-filled and empty quantum wells\" by Narmadha Devi Suresh Kumar, University of Basel","description":{"text":"\"[Flower power: Patchwork of cycloheptane-filled and empty quantum wells](https://www.flickr.com/photos/snsf_image_competition/54451921658/in/album-72177720325102989)\" by Narmadha Devi Suresh Kumar, University of Basel\nEntry in category 1 Object of study; Copyright CC-BY-NC-ND: Narmadha Devi Suresh Kumar"},"license":{"id":"6aa9e84b54b72e716552237f","name":"CC BY-NC-ND 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","description":{"text":""}},"image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/banner/flower-power-patchwork-of-cycloheptane-filled-and-empty-quantum-wells-by-narmadha-devi-suresh-kumar-university-of-basel_image__54451921658_eb2b48c91c_k_hjfyxd","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1790926626/gesda-platform/banner/flower-power-patchwork-of-cycloheptane-filled-and-empty-quantum-wells-by-narmadha-devi-suresh-kumar-university-of-basel_image__54451921658_eb2b48c91c_k_hjfyxd.jpg","width":2048,"height":1634,"thumbnails":{"mainBanner":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_1440/v1790926626/gesda-platform/banner/flower-power-patchwork-of-cycloheptane-filled-and-empty-quantum-wells-by-narmadha-devi-suresh-kumar-university-of-basel_image__54451921658_eb2b48c91c_k_hjfyxd.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_2880/v1790926626/gesda-platform/banner/flower-power-patchwork-of-cycloheptane-filled-and-empty-quantum-wells-by-narmadha-devi-suresh-kumar-university-of-basel_image__54451921658_eb2b48c91c_k_hjfyxd.jpg"}}}},"chartImage":null,"feedEntries":[],"citations":[],"subTopics":[{"id":"6abf604ac60710a1e1960e2b","name":"Measuring Quantum Processes and Effects in Biology","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"measuring-quantum-processes-and-effects-in-biology","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a319","name":"Green","value":"#68AE9B"},"topic":{"id":"6aac3d32b9ae25d9ac306d4a","slug":"quantum-effects-in-biology","path":"/topics/quantum-effects-in-biology"},"intro":{"text":"Despite growing experimental hints, establishing that a biological system is genuinely exploiting quantum-mechanical effects remains one of the central methodological challenges of the field. Quantum coherence, tunnelling, and entanglement, the phenomena that give quantum technologies their unique capabilities, are exquisitely fragile. Injections of energy, whether vibrational, thermal, or electrical, tend to disrupt these phenomena, causing the system to revert to normal classical behaviour. It has long been assumed that the environment of living systems, being warm and structurally disordered, would cause this “decoherence” to happen long before any quantum effects can be put to use."},"description":{"text":"That said, there is reason to believe evolution could have harnessed quantum effects. A leaf, for example, is able to move energy from sunlight into its chemical factories so efficiently that nothing is lost to heat, an efficiency that has eluded all computer simulation and has been attributed to plants’ recruitment of quantum coherence. Similarly, birds can orient themselves by Earth’s magnetic field, travelling thousands of kilometres to return to precise coordinates. This ability may be traced to a protein called cryptochrome,[^2] whose entangled electrons are altered by Earth’s magnetic field, allowing the birds to sense and therefore navigate by it. Furthermore, enzymes speed up reactions faster than is theoretically possible by strictly <a name=\"foju8jc01fh\"></a>chemical means, possibly because they allow electrons and protons to tunnel through energy barriers that slow chemical reactions. \n\nRecent evidence contravenes the long-held belief that biology is hostile to maintaining quantum states: nature has ways of engineering quantum advantage without relying on pristine laboratory conditions. Indeed, the biological chaos can be exploited, in much the same way that, in electronics, noise can be recruited to sharpen a signal instead of obscuring it.[^3]\n\nIn order to certify the existence of quantum effects in biological systems, researchers will need resources that go beyond what has been necessary for scientific disciplines established so far. Quantum biology requires novel technological tools, conceptual frameworks, and language. These are under development: forums such as the Quantum Biology Gordon Research Conference and the QuEBS: Quantum Effects in Biological Systems workshop series are starting to bring different disciplinary communities together to build a shared conceptual library and a plan for enabling measurement and quantification of effects."},"anticipationScores":{"text":""},"anticipationScoresImage":null,"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6abf607cc60710a1e1960e30","name":"5 year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon-40","intro":{"text":"Better tools measure quantum processes in cells"},"description":{"text":"In the short term, better spectroscopy and quantum sensors may emerge that can observe a quantum-compatible signal in vivo, even at the single-molecule level. CRISPR may be used to genetically engineer perturbations in an increasing number of model organisms, including *Drosophila* fruit flies, to probe the role of radical pairs in magnetoreception and the role of quantum coherence in photosynthesis. Quantum biology as an interdisciplinary field brings together researchers in biophysics, quantum science and technology, chemistry, and engineering."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a319","name":"Green","slug":"green","value":"#68AE9B"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6abf608dc60710a1e1960e35","name":"10 year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon-41","intro":{"text":"Research gains better mechanistic clarity"},"description":{"text":"Over the next decade, tools that enable direct visualisation of quantum states in proteins may usher in a mechanistic understanding of quantum coherence in photosynthesis or entanglement in magnetoreception. Predictive models could link quantum chemistry to physiology in other systems. An agreed conceptual framework that integrates core concepts – such as quantum resource theory of dynamics and quantum-enabled biological function – into a multi-scale narrative may be developed."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a319","name":"Green","slug":"green","value":"#68AE9B"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6abf60a8c60710a1e1960e3a","name":"25 year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon-40","intro":{"text":"Quantum biology goes mainstream"},"description":{"text":"In the next quarter-century, biologically inspired quantum processes could be turned into technologies that confer quantum advantage on solar panels, wearables, and medically integrated technologies. Research may develop engineered quantum biological systems that can be deployed as medical technologies. It may be possible to develop an overarching theory of quantum biology on this timescale."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a319","name":"Green","slug":"green","value":"#68AE9B"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"6abf603cc60710a1e1960e25","value":"0.568452381","numericValue":0.568452381,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[],"imageAssets":[]}},{"id":"6abf6119c60710a1e1960e5a","name":"Functional Quantum Coherence in Living Systems","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"functional-quantum-coherence-in-living-systems","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a319","name":"Green","value":"#68AE9B"},"topic":{"id":"6aac3d32b9ae25d9ac306d4a","slug":"quantum-effects-in-biology","path":"/topics/quantum-effects-in-biology"},"intro":{"text":"Quantum coherence is the maintenance of fixed relationships between energy states in atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles in their indefinite superposition states. This gives properties that can be exploited to perform functions impossible in classical systems. Coherence is central to the operation of quantum technology such as quantum computers, and a growing body of evidence suggests that quantum coherence may play a functional role in a range of biological processes, including energy transfer, magnetic sensing, and possibly aspects of olfaction and enzyme catalysis.[^4]"},"description":{"text":"However, in many forms of quantum computing, processors have to be isolated from their environment and cooled to near absolute zero to maintain quantum coherence. “Noise” of any kind tends to cause decoherence, introducing errors or even ending the computation. This is the root of the objection to quantum coherence playing any significant role in warm, wet biological systems.\n\nHowever, tools are being developed to demonstrate the existence of coherent quantum states in warm systems. For example, nitrogen-vacancy centres, which are single-crystal diamonds with an altered molecular structure, have significant potential as quantum magnetometers for nanoscale phenomena and sensitive field detection. The same is true of naturally occurring boron nitride nanotubes.[^5] These may provide a way to investigate the presence of coherent quantum states and have the potential to investigate the quantum properties of living biological material. \n\nSingle-molecule spectroscopy is another investigative technique that has demonstrated the feasibility of revealing signatures of intrinsic quantum coherence. This would be particularly useful in investigations of the quantum mechanisms behind photosynthetic light-harvesting. Another newly developed tool is a mathematical procedure for calculating the exact contribution of quantum coherence in energy transfer.[^6] \n\nAll of these developments suggest that it may soon be possible to pin down the exact nature of the molecular processes behind some hitherto-unexplained biological phenomena and reveal whether quantum coherence is playing a fundamental role in their operation. However, observing the existence of a quantum state in a biological cell does not constitute proof that biology exploits it for a particular purpose. That would require proof linking the quantum state to a biological function. To achieve a theory of quantum advantage in complex biological systems, therefore, chains of causality must be demonstrated in vivo, preferably within an entire organism. \n\nNew experiments are needed to show how quantum processes propagate up to the level of the cell and connect to specific neural, behavioural, or metabolic activities at the much larger scale of the organism. It is critical to show the chain of amplification in a biological system that leads from a quantum process at the micro-scale to improved classical functions at the macro-scale. Ongoing work in this space targets microtubules,[^7] reactive oxygen species, and the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. \n\nIt will be crucial to observe a quantum-compatible signal, build a model, and then demonstrate that perturbation of the process leads to loss of biological function."},"anticipationScores":{"text":""},"anticipationScoresImage":null,"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6abf60dec60710a1e1960e45","name":"5 year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon-41","intro":{"text":"AI guides quantum biology research"},"description":{"text":"In the near term, AI-guided quantum chemistry might be able to predict where changes could be made in molecules to demonstrate the usefulness of a quantum process. Nuclear isotopes may be used to manipulate radical pairs in this time frame. Research might also be able to identify hubs whose perturbation creates downstream effects that link quantum states to macro behaviours."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a319","name":"Green","slug":"green","value":"#68AE9B"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6abf60efc60710a1e1960e4a","name":"10 year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon-42","intro":{"text":"Full stack of quantum processes demonstrated"},"description":{"text":"On the decadal timescale, it is possible that a full chain from quantum process to biological function is demonstrated, along with the amplification properties that cause it to scale. Experimental and theoretical evidence could reveal the “quantumness” of dynamic processes in biological conditions."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a319","name":"Green","slug":"green","value":"#68AE9B"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6abf60ffc60710a1e1960e4f","name":"25 year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon-41","intro":{"text":"Quantum features of many systems are demonstrated"},"description":{"text":"Quantum involvement in many biological systems could be demonstrated or engineered on this timescale. Over the next quarter-century, quantum biology may become an engineering discipline in which we start to harness bio-inspired quantum processes."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a319","name":"Green","slug":"green","value":"#68AE9B"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"6abf6116c60710a1e1960e54","value":"0.5327380952","numericValue":0.5327380952,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[],"imageAssets":[]}},{"id":"6abf617ec60710a1e1960e78","name":"Quantum technologies as tools for biology","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"quantum-technologies-as-tools-for-biology","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a319","name":"Green","value":"#68AE9B"},"topic":{"id":"6aac3d32b9ae25d9ac306d4a","slug":"quantum-effects-in-biology","path":"/topics/quantum-effects-in-biology"},"intro":{"text":"Quantum sensing technologies are converging with biology: nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond nanoparticles, optically pumped atomic magnetometers, and entanglement-enhanced probes are enabling measurements of magnetic fields, electric potentials, and mechanical forces at the single-cell and even single-molecule level."},"description":{"text":"This opens up the possibility of a symbiosis between biology and quantum technology that could create new scientific and technological frontiers. Living matter may even harbour its own quantum hardware that can be harnessed for biological quantum information-processing or for nanoscale quantum sensing which sheds light on the processes behind complex molecular functions. It may even be more powerful than the quantum information-processing currently under development, naturally harnessing complexity to go beyond the traditional binary-digit form of computation.\n\nCentral to this vision is the biological “qubit”. In standard quantum computing, the qubit is the quantum version of the binary digit, or bit. Classical computing bits are either 0 or 1, allowing binary-based mathematical computations. Qubits are a probabilistic combination of 0 and 1, enabling computations that go beyond the mathematical routines available to classical computers. \n\nMolecular systems in biology exhibit properties that, under the right conditions, function as organic qubits: coherent two-state quantum systems embedded in a biological context. Qubits have been created, for example, in mammalian cells,[^8] and may prove useful for magnetic-field sensing and imaging. Unlike the engineered qubits of silicon or superconducting devices, these organic qubits operate at physiological temperatures, are synthesised by cells, and interact directly with biochemical networks, preserving coherence despite the complex intracellular environment.\n\nNew developments in quantum computing, where researchers are harnessing qubits with more than two states – “qutrits” with three states and “qudits” with up to seven separate states in superposition – suggest that biology could do the same. When conventional computers try to model complex biological objects such as molecules, they struggle under the weight of computational resources necessary to keep track of the associated components and behaviours. It is possible that our current inability to computationally model complex biological processes may be due to biology’s use of qudits for “high-dimensional” quantum behaviour.\n\nThese developments suggest that it may be possible for organic qubits to be identified, isolated, and harnessed as components of biological quantum information-processors, and that quantum sensors may be able to operate inside living systems without disrupting their function.\n\nDevelopments in this area may help fundamental physics as well as biology and technology. At present, physicists have little grasp of the quantum-to-classical transition that occurs due to decoherence. 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We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. 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