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It is thus a field of broad interdisciplinary study.\n\nThere is also significant linguistic and cultural variance in what people understand by the term “consciousness”.1 This is also true of “disorders” of consciousness: the experience of what might be termed delusions or hallucinations by western medicine can be seen as normal and even valuable in many cultures. Responses to the idea of non-human consciousness are also culturally differentiated.\n\nCurrently, there is no agreed theory of how consciousness arises.2 However, progress is being made here, particularly by the Cogitate consortium’s innovative and rigorous experimental approach to testing the predictions of leading theories, within a framework of “adversarial collaboration” that uses preregistered experimental tests.3 While no single theory has emerged as a definitive winner, the study established a new standard for theory-driven testing.\n\nThe lack of deep theoretical understanding has not prevented the adoption of technologies and conceptual advances that help make decisions in a clinical setting. We have devised methods to quantify the degree of presence or absence of consciousness (as inner life, awareness, mental response to stimuli), allowing us to define whether a patient is in a vegetative state, for instance, and to evaluate whether their consciousness can be “augmented”; that is, shifted to a more elevated state of consciousness — whether by intervention or through the body’s natural healing processes.4\n\nAs with many medical applications, technologies that spring from a clinical setting will eventually benefit the broader population. This is because the same technologies that diagnose or modulate consciousness when there is a deficit or disorder can be pressed into service to enhance or augment healthy, functioning consciousness. They will also be helpful in more philosophical areas, improving our understanding of free will, the self, and the ethics of cases at the edges of sentience.\n\nMeanwhile, work is underway to determine the developmental emergence of consciousness in humans,5 and the extent to which machines and animals can have or develop consciousness,6,7 Researchers also aim to understand whether organoids and other synthetic biological organisms are capable of developing a kind of consciousness.8 This is likely to spark debate on the ethics of the field itself, and of assignment of moral status and rights.\n\n**Key takeaways**\n\nAlthough central to the experience of being human, consciousness has proved difficult to investigate scientifically, with researchers struggling to reach consensus on many aspects of the field. While it is clear that **human consciousness** is a multi-faceted phenomenon, its relation to brain states — including those induced by injury, degradation and trauma — is dizzyingly complex. Understanding where, when (and whether) **non-human consciousness** arises, whether in other animals or in machines, together with the developmental origins of consciousness in humans, is a useful path towards further understanding of the brain and of the wider phenomenon of consciousness. Drugs, electrical stimulation and in some cases cell replacement, genetic and other biotech interventions all show promise for **modulation of human consciousness** for therapeutic, recreational and knowledge-gathering purposes. Eventually, we may be able to extend the phenomenon to create **beyond-human consciousness** that augments our evolved abilities in ways that might facilitate an existence lived alongside intelligent machines."},"intro":{"text":"Research over the last few decades has made significant inroads into important issues such as investigating disorders of consciousness, understanding and treating coma and related states, and determining how our biologically evolved consciousness might be augmented using biotechnology and/or silicon technologies in the future."},"anticipatoryImpact":{"text":"This graph shows the opinion of current researchers in the field on how anticipated developments in their field will impact each of GESDA’s three essential questions: Who are we as humans? How can we best live together in societies? What is our relationship with the planet? GESDA’s science anticipation aims to inform discussion around these three questions."},"indicatorValues":[{"id":"6aac3a67b9ae25d9ac306178","value":"0.633","numericValue":0.633,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}},{"id":"6abf81bfc60710a1e196134e","value":"0.6653645833","numericValue":0.6653645833,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"6a86a906592c5bababa6ba7e","name":"Significance of possible future advances","title":"Significance of possible future advances","slug":"significance-of-possible-future-advances","dataSetId":"NORMALISED_MEAN_IMPACT_RESEARCH_PSP","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a30e","value":"#0076B7"}}},{"id":"6abf81e9c60710a1e1961354","value":"0.6015625","numericValue":0.6015625,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"6a86a946592c5bababa6ba8b","name":"Potential for impactful action","title":"Potential for impactful action","slug":"potential-for-impactful-action-1","dataSetId":"SCOPE_FOR_ACTION","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a320","value":"#EB6410"}}},{"id":"6abf8229c60710a1e196135a","value":"0.7","numericValue":0.7,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"6a9f993c670cd190fd1356df","name":"Impact on People","title":"Impact on People","slug":"impact-on-people","dataSetId":null,"color":{"id":"6a9fa21e670cd190fd1356f8","value":"#fcbe0d"}}},{"id":"6abf8282c60710a1e1961360","value":"0.5875","numericValue":0.5875,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"6a9f994c670cd190fd1356e3","name":"Impact on Planet","title":"Impact on Planet","slug":"impact-on-planet","dataSetId":null,"color":{"id":"6a9fa245670cd190fd135700","value":"#83a599"}}},{"id":"6abf835cc60710a1e1961366","value":"0.75","numericValue":0.75,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"6a9f995c670cd190fd1356e7","name":"Impact on Society","title":"Impact on Society","slug":"impact-on-society","dataSetId":null,"color":{"id":"6a9fa236670cd190fd1356fc","value":"#d88c73"}}}],"editions":[{"id":"6916e223c3e8f4530aa9c10c","name":"2026","slug":"2026","numericValue":2026}],"anticipatoryImpactImage":null,"embeds":{"citations":[],"imageAssets":[]},"videos":[],"surveyObservations":{"text":""},"color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD","darkValue":"#2E7D94","veryDarkValue":"#1D4F5E"},"banner":{"id":"6aacb2d317b8b67dc808a55a","name":"\"Brain vascularity\" by Christopher Hahne, University of Bern","description":{"text":"*\"[Brain vascularity](https://www.flickr.com/photos/snsfimagecompetition/53615552547/in/album-72177720315728347)\" by Christopher Hahne, University of Bern*"},"license":{"id":"6aa9e84b54b72e716552237f","name":"CC BY-NC-ND 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","description":{"text":""}},"image":{"id":"image_gesda-platform/banner/brain-vascularity-by-christopher-hahne-university-of-bern_image__Brain-vascularity-by-Christopher-Hahne-University-of-Bern_2048x672_s0jd3n","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1789702829/gesda-platform/banner/brain-vascularity-by-christopher-hahne-university-of-bern_image__Brain-vascularity-by-Christopher-Hahne-University-of-Bern_2048x672_s0jd3n.webp","width":2048,"height":672,"thumbnails":{"mainBanner":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_1440/v1789702829/gesda-platform/banner/brain-vascularity-by-christopher-hahne-university-of-bern_image__Brain-vascularity-by-Christopher-Hahne-University-of-Bern_2048x672_s0jd3n.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_2880/v1789702829/gesda-platform/banner/brain-vascularity-by-christopher-hahne-university-of-bern_image__Brain-vascularity-by-Christopher-Hahne-University-of-Bern_2048x672_s0jd3n.webp"}}}},"chartImage":null,"feedEntries":[],"citations":[],"subTopics":[{"id":"6ac3156bfe5a747756016d15","name":"Human consciousness","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"human-consciousness-1","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"topic":{"id":"6aac3a7eb9ae25d9ac30617d","slug":"augmenting-consciousness","path":"/topics/augmenting-consciousness"},"intro":{"text":"Different kinds of consciousness are at play at different stages of human development, from foetus through to early childhood and beyond. On top of that, injury or disease can compromise human consciousness in a variety of ways, such as that seen in vegetative state patients and people suffering from dementia. There is progress towards creating tests for consciousness.9"},"description":{"text":"Understanding the difference between all of these various types of human consciousness will be a vital part of the effort to treat injury and disease, and to understand various aspects of human rights issues associated with consciousness. Research efforts are aiming to do this, with some success in the application of diagnostic tools that can differentiate between a vegetative state and a minimally conscious state, for instance.10 Functional MRI and EEG can be used to demonstrate performance of cognitive tasks in some comatose patients who do not follow verbal commands.11 Intervention in coma patients, aiming at recovery, is becoming a realistic, if long-term, prospect.12,13 There is hope that better understanding will help detect and assess early memory loss in ageing and in Alzheimer’s, disease, and guide treatment and care.14At the other end of life the need to assess, consciousness “in the cradle” in the prenatal and infant stages , is becoming an issue with medical, educational , legal and ethical implications.15\n\n\nNeurosurgical research demonstrates that specific neuronal activity underlies the emergence of concepts, memories, and intentions in human consciousness. Recent work involving direct recordings from the human brain has highlighted the role of specific regions of the thalamus in mediating conscious perception, showing flow of involved information from these thalamic nuclei to the prefrontal cortex.16 Further exploration here, with emerging brain recording and stimulation tools, partnered with AI-based analysis, could help decode conscious and preconscious states.17,18 Interaction with sleeping humans can also help to explore the space between the conscious and unconscious brain.19\n\nThe brain remains surprisingly active even when consciousness is absent. Research using intracranial recordings in sleeping patients demonstrated that neurons can continue to modulate their firing rates in response to complex auditory stimuli.20 This suggests that substantial sensory processing survives the loss of conscious awareness. Research on sleep-dependent replay — the reactivation of neural patterns associated with prior waking experiences — suggests that sleep is not merely a passive state but an active period of memory consolidation, critical for our ability to consciously recall past events.21 An important challenge for future work is determining whether targeted stimulation during sleep can enhance recollection of events experienced before sleep and perhaps even influence subsequent learning and cognition.\n\nMore recently, recordings obtained with high-density Neuropixels probes during anesthesia revealed that neurons in the hippocampus can respond selectively even to semantic and syntactic features of speech.22 Such work could also help with fundamental science, such as developing theoretical understanding of consciousness by identifying areas of interest for probing the neural correlates of consciousness, and contribute to quantification and classification of consciousness in humans."},"anticipationScores":{"text":""},"anticipationScoresImage":null,"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6ac31515fe5a747756016d00","name":"5 year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon-36","intro":{"text":"Diagnosis of consciousness improves"},"description":{"text":"Brain state diagnostics improve, and machine learning overcomes individual patient variability to assist in prognosis and guide rehabilitation. Specific tests reliably detect early onset of diseases that disrupt consciousness. Better computational models improve our understanding of the systems biology that contributes to conscious states."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6ac3152ffe5a747756016d05","name":"10 year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon-37","intro":{"text":"Guidelines for consciousness assessment agree"},"description":{"text":"An agreed set of international guidelines (effectively a standard scale) standardises assessment of human consciousness. Improved imaging, combined with AI pattern recognition, leads to more reliable prediction of which patients are aware, which will respond to stimulation, and which will require implants to communicate from their vegetative state. Neuroscientific tools give a rudimentary ability to decode the content of dreams in sleeping humans, as well as other contents of conscious experience."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6ac31548fe5a747756016d0a","name":"25 year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon-36","intro":{"text":"Consciousness evaluation evolves"},"description":{"text":"Scientifically validated assessment of presence and quality of human consciousness is established, opening up the possibility of significant progress on theories of consciousness. Brain-machine interfaces open up seamless communications with apparently unconscious people, even restoring natural consciousness in some cases. Precision neuropsychiatry uses a suite of new interventions — technological and chemical tools — to steer consciousness away from dangerous or unwanted states."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"6ac31569fe5a747756016d0f","value":"0.6072916667","numericValue":0.6072916667,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[],"imageAssets":[]}},{"id":"6ac31661fe5a747756016d33","name":"Non-human consciousness","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"non-human-consciousness-1","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"topic":{"id":"6aac3a7eb9ae25d9ac30617d","slug":"augmenting-consciousness","path":"/topics/augmenting-consciousness"},"intro":{"text":"The challenge of reliably extrapolating from our understanding of human consciousness, added to the inability to report experience means that it will always be difficult to determine how to approach the issue of non-human consciousness, and when, where and how it exists."},"description":{"text":"Interesting advances are being made in the study of machine consciousness.23 Researchers are making progress in developing methods to assess AI systems for consciousness.24 and investigating machine implementations of neuroscientific theories of consciousness.25 Efforts to understand whether machine consciousness is possible, and what might constitute it, provide an important anchor for our understanding of consciousness.26 This can in turn help anchor our understanding of artificial consciousness, as demonstrated by a published framework for identifying indicators of consciousness.27 The authors propose systematic criteria inspired by neuroscience theories of consciousness that could be used to evaluate artificial systems. Their approach is part of a general effort over recent few years that exploits ways in which neuroscience theories can benefit from study of AI architectures and vice versa.\n\n\nIn animals, the issue of consciousness is more immediate, pertaining to issues of moral status, and with ramifications for agriculture and food economics. A cohort of researchers have suggested there is “strong scientific support for attributions of conscious experience to other mammals and to birds”, and that “empirical evidence indicates at least a realistic possibility of conscious experience in all vertebrates (including reptiles, amphibians, and fishes) and many invertebrates (including, at minimum, cephalopod mollusks, decapod crustaceans, and insects)”.28 This is a controversial claim, but one that highlights the lack of agreement about the nature and extent of consciousness in the natural world. Further exploration of the issue can only improve our understanding of the phenomenon, although funding for this work is limited. There is also a growing awareness of the possibility that some rudimentary form of consciousness could arise in brain organoids, which are proto-organs grown in vitro from human brain tissue.29 However, despite the potential ubiquity of non-human conscious experience, caution is needed due to the possibility that very complex cognitive abilities can unfold without conscious experience.30"},"anticipationScores":{"text":""},"anticipationScoresImage":null,"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6ac315a2fe5a747756016d1e","name":"5 year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon-37","intro":{"text":"Debates over non-human consciousness take centre stage"},"description":{"text":"The capacity of AI systems to mimic human behaviour leads to intense debate about whether they might be conscious. Arguments from a consciousness perspective lead many species’ rights to become more closely protected."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6ac315b7fe5a747756016d23","name":"10 year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon-38","intro":{"text":"Non-human consciousness sheds light on human consciousness"},"description":{"text":"Animal consciousness is measured and assessed by a wide-ranging set of tests developed for assessment of human consciousness (and adapted for non-verbal responders based on assessment techniques developed for human infants). Machines that display many characteristics associated with human consciousness are probed as tools for understanding how consciousness might arise in humans — in particular, for ascertaining whether embodiment plays a critical role"},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6ac315c8fe5a747756016d28","name":"25 year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon-37","intro":{"text":"Hybrid consciousness improves learning"},"description":{"text":"Neuro-inspired AI systems (Neuro-AI) that help design education curricula are imbued with algorithms that operate on an improved understanding of how humans consciously learn, creating a virtuous loop."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"6ac3165ffe5a747756016d2d","value":"0.6239583333","numericValue":0.6239583333,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[],"imageAssets":[]}},{"id":"6ac316f6fe5a747756016d51","name":"Modulation of human consciousness","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"modulation-of-human-consciousness-1","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"topic":{"id":"6aac3a7eb9ae25d9ac30617d","slug":"augmenting-consciousness","path":"/topics/augmenting-consciousness"},"intro":{"text":"We can modulate human consciousness by several methods. One is chemical: there has been some significant progress in the use of psychedelics and psycho-active drugs, for instance, to augment and alter consciousness. New imaging techniques demonstrate the neurological details of these alterations: psilocybin, for instance, produces a state of increased chaotic brain activity and induces changes in frontal brain structures that may be associated with the phenomenology of psychedelic experiences.31"},"description":{"text":"A major international analysis found that psychedelics consistently increased communication between transmodal networks—including the default mode, frontoparietal, and limbic systems—and unimodal\n\nsensory and motor networks.32 The analysis also revealed significant changes in subcortical structures, including the thalamus, caudate, putamen, and cerebellum. These findings suggest that psychedelic states are characterised not simply by cortical disinhibition but by widespread reconfiguration of interactions between cortical and subcortical circuits, providing new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying conscious experience.33\n\nIncreasingly, experience with chemical modulations of consciousness are proving useful in medical contexts. Psilocybin and MDMA are being used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, for example.34,35\n\nElectrical modulation of consciousness is also seeing success in invasive and non-invasive forms. Brain-computer interfaces are developing at pace.36 More precisely targeted non-invasive technology like tDCS has successfully brought minimally conscious patients back towards higher consciousness.37 Deep brain stimulation is showing therapeutic promise for treating disorders of consciousness associated with impaired arousal or awareness.38 “Closed-loop” neuromodulation is able to act on, and sense, brain state based on feedback.39,40 There is also growing scope for editing of memory and/or urges and wishes through electrical implants, as the technological tools required are already available.41\n\nStem cells provide another approach to neuromodulation. Rat stem cells, for instance, have restored sensory abilities within a mouse brain that had its own olfactory neurons rendered inert.42 It seems that stem cell injection can modify cellular composition of neural circuits, potentially altering conscious experience."},"anticipationScores":{"text":""},"anticipationScoresImage":null,"horizons":[{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6ac316affe5a747756016d3c","name":"5 year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon-38","intro":{"text":"Brain modulation experiments widen their scope"},"description":{"text":"Drug-control frameworks are loosened to allow PTSD and other disorders of the brain to be treated in wider clinical settings using psychedelics. Electrical stimulation of the brains of coma patients sees some success in re-establishing higher levels of consciousness. Clinical trials in selected neurological and psychiatric disorders accelerate technologies capable of extracting information from the brain, inserting information, or closing the information loop- thus enabling direct modulation of conscious states."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89a","name":"5-year horizon","slug":"5-year-horizon","years":5,"title":"5-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6ac316c4fe5a747756016d41","name":"10 year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon-39","intro":{"text":"AI decodes of the brain"},"description":{"text":"Feedback from wearable technology, electrical implants and new imaging techniques enable patients to modulate their own conscious experience. AI systems decode neural signatures of conscious urge and intention, and inject signals useful for therapeutic treatment, including rudimentary memory editing. Psychedelic drugs altering states of consciousness enter mainstream psychiatry. Brain machine interfaces move from the clinical environment to the general population enabling enhancement of conscious states."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89b","name":"10-year horizon","slug":"10-year-horizon","years":10,"title":"10-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}},{"__typename":"Platform_Horizon","id":"6ac316d5fe5a747756016d46","name":"25 year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon-38","intro":{"text":"Brain injuries are treated with stem cell therapy"},"description":{"text":"Stem cell therapies rewire patients’ brains after injury. Engineered highly specific psychedelics transform trauma treatment and neuropsychiatry, and enter selective use in general populations Memory-editing and selective memory chips become a widely-available therapeutic and enhancing option."},"color":{"__typename":"Platform_Color","id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","slug":"teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"type":{"__typename":"Platform_HorizonType","id":"65c55ce79e947c438698a89c","name":"25-year horizon","slug":"25-year-horizon","years":25,"title":"25-year","subtitle":"horizon"},"embeds":{"citations":[]}}],"indicatorValues":[{"id":"6ac316f2fe5a747756016d4b","value":"0.584375","numericValue":0.584375,"year":2026,"indicator":{"id":"65c55cf29e947c438698aa4d","name":"Anticipation Potential","title":null,"slug":"anticipation-potential","dataSetId":"ANTICIPATION_POTENTIAL","color":null}}],"embeds":{"citations":[],"imageAssets":[]}},{"id":"6ac317cdfe5a747756016d6f","name":"Beyond-human consciousness","outlineNumber":null,"slug":"beyond-human-consciousness-1","__typename":"Platform_SubTopic","color":{"id":"65c55cbc9e947c438698a325","name":"Teal","value":"#44AFCD"},"topic":{"id":"6aac3a7eb9ae25d9ac30617d","slug":"augmenting-consciousness","path":"/topics/augmenting-consciousness"},"intro":{"text":"In humans it may be possible to augment normal consciousness using drugs, neurotechnology or genetic interventions, as evidenced by experiments in animals.43 Some researchers have used wearable technologies or implants to give themselves magnetic senses, for instance,44 or the ability to cross modalities and feel sound.45"},"description":{"text":"Newly developed brain-to-brain interfaces — currently possible invasively in animals46 and noninvasively in humans47 — may allow for direct communication between two brains without involving the peripheral nervous system, instantiating intelligence and perhaps consciousness that has a distributed or collective aspect.48 In addition, two-person fMRI scanning and hyperscanning49 is opening up new possibilities to investigate possibilities of shared experience leading to some form of shared consciousness.50\n\nExperiments in robotics are indicating that robots might learn the ability to think in abstract terms, planning and estimating the outcomes of prospective actions without the need to physically execute them. 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We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. Should you wish to exercise any of these rights, please send an email request to info@gesda.global with \"Data Privacy Request'' in the subject line and in the email please identify the specific privacy right you request assistance with. Please note additional information may be requested prior to fulfilling a request and that GESDA reserves the right to charge a fee, where permitted, to cover the cost of certain requests.\n\n#### How do I contact you if there is an issue?\nIf you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or about the use of your personal information, please feel free to contact us by email at info@gesda.global\n\n#### Contact Information\nGeneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) c/o Fondation Campus Biotech\nChemin des Mines 9\n1202 Geneva\n+41 58 201 02 61\ninfo@gesda.global\n"},"welcomeUrl":"https://radar.gesda.global/app/welcome","welcomeTitle":"Welcome to GESDA Radar and thanks for joining us! 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