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While scientists are generating unprecedented amounts of new data, the ability to interpret it, to generate new hypotheses, and to design and implement experiments to validate or falsify them remains bottlenecked by human cognitive and resource limits. This is why publications in human genetics, for example, are focused on just a few genes or groups of genes, while a significant number of genes have no research published about them at all.[5](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn5/)\n\nRapid advances in AI could push through this intellectual choke point and provide a “warp drive” for scientific discovery. Large language models (LLMs) are already being used, with varied degrees of success, to synthesise vast bodies of literature,[6](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn6/) propose original research directions,[7](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn7/) and even draft scientific manuscripts.[8](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn8/) Simulations driven by machine learning are achieving accuracy levels that rival, or even exceed, traditional approaches at a fraction of the computational cost.[9](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn9/)\n\nScience is not a purely cerebral pursuit, however: experimental work remains an essential part of the scientific process. The integration of lab-automation technology with AI is now closing the loop between prediction and experiment, enabling self-driving laboratories that optimise materials, molecules, and chemical processes with minimal human intervention.\n\nThese advances raise profound challenges for the scientific enterprise. AI could reshape the ways discoveries are made and, in the process, dramatically alter the role of the human scientist. That said, the black-box nature of many AI algorithms raises deep philosophical questions about the importance of interpretability and understanding. Furthermore, as frontier AI capabilities become increasingly concentrated in a handful of large technology companies, questions of access and impartiality will only grow. Conversely, as AI systems widen access to basic research capabilities, the field will have to contend with the dual-use nature of many scientific discoveries.[10](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn10/)\n\n**Key takeaways**\n\nAI is becoming a key tool for scientists. With the accelerating expansion of the scientific literature and the resulting deluge of data, AI for Hypothesis Generation is, in some areas, helping scientists to find and interpret previously hidden connections between scientific observations and results, facilitating the formation of new ideas. As AI is used to shape procedures in automated experiments, a new era of the Autonomous Laboratory is emerging as a means to perform certain kinds of experiments at scale and at speed. AI-driven High-Precision Simulations are now able to outcompete a swathe of numerical approaches to simulating real-world systems such as protein interactions, weather, and climate. Future developments, such as the inclusion of training data derived from quantum computers, promise to further improve AI simulation performance. Whether applied to mathematics, physics, or the life sciences, scientists are continuing to explore the role of AI in Foundational Sciences in helping to accelerate discovery by formulating theories, proofs, and experimental programmes."},"intro":{"text":"AI is transforming the practice of science at a pace and scale that few anticipated. 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This enables them to rapidly assess the novelty of new research directions, identify subtle links between ideas from disparate research topics, and assimilate data across a vast literature."},"description":{"text":"These capabilities are now being used to automate the process of generating novel scientific hypotheses.[11](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn11/) The advent of multi-agent systems enhances this, allowing different instances of the same LLM to take on distinct roles in an ideation process, such as supervisor, idea generator, data analyst, and reviewer, to mimic the work of an entire research team.[12](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn12/) Recent developments in LLM-based agents, such as Sakana AI’s The AI Scientist and FutureHouse’s Kosmos platform, have demonstrated that AI systems can autonomously synthesise vast bodies of scientific literature, identify gaps in current knowledge, and propose testable hypotheses, in some cases compressing months of research into a single day. Complementary approaches such as Generative Flow Networks or GFlowNets offer methods for exploring diverse solution spaces in molecular and materials design. Increasingly, such tools are able to go beyond simply suggesting research directions: they propose experiments, analyse results, and even write polished manuscripts.[13](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn13/), [14](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn14/)\n\nSo far, the most impressive results have relied on finding previously unknown connections between earlier results. It remains unclear whether these tools are capable of doing more than simply remixing existing ideas to formulate new conceptual frameworks. Their ability to tackle research areas where data is sparser is limited, for instance, although there is hope that LLM-powered tools could help identify where data is a bottleneck and design experiments to plug the gaps.\n\nLanguage models are not the only machine-learning techniques showing promise. Others are aimed at searching through problem spaces to come up with new mathematical conjectures and using optimisation to hypothesise novel materials and drugs.[15](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn15/), [16](/citation/tr27-1-7-fn16/) However, the ease with which machine-generated hypotheses can be verified varies widely by field, which means their ability to accelerate innovation remains uneven. Testing new ideas is relatively easy in areas such as machine learning or maths, but for disciplines like biology and chemistry it requires expensive and time-consuming wet-lab experiments. This raises the risk that AI-driven hypothesis generation, rather than accelerating progress evenly, could clog up some parts of the scientific process. The primary role of human scientists may increasingly shift from dreaming up new research proposals to validating AI-generated ones. 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tank."},"thumbnail":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"},"openGraph":{"title":"GESDA","date":"2026-10-02T06:38:25.64","description":{"plain":"Humankind is facing global challenges that are placing people and the planet under stress and in great uncertainty.\nAt the same time, breakthroughs in science and technology are occurring at an unprecedented pace – but the full ramifications of these breakthroughs are not always evident.\nAnticipation, therefore, is key to building the future by fully leveraging the potential of new science and technology advances to improve well-being and promote inclusive development.\nThe Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation was created in 2019 in Geneva to tackle this issue, as a think tank and do tank.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1760413449/gesda-platform/site/gesda-radar-website_thumbnail__Screenshot_2025-10-14_at_11.42.59_o2cgxm.png"}}}},"termsAndConditions":{"text":""},"privacyPolicy":{"text":"At the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (hereafter referred to as ‘GESDA’), we respect your privacy. We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. GESDA is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of GESDA, contractors and partners doing business on behalf of GESDA, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by GESDA.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nGESDA collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in GESDA events and activities - Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nGESDA uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. GESDA may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate GESDA supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. GESDA may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. GESDA may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in GESDA activities. GESDA will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain GESDA activities such as the GESDA Summit, authoring or reviewing a GESDA article, or GESDA humanitarian activities. GESDA may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant GESDA events and opportunities. GESDA may communicate with you regarding relevant GESDA events and opportunities.\n  * To protect GESDA content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for the GESDA Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to summit@global.gesda specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nGESDA does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nGESDA may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nGESDA automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, GESDA may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting GESDA's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on GESDA's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. GESDA uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nGESDA also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on GESDA's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. GESDA provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving the GESDA domain, and GESDA's information management policies no longer apply. GESDA encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. GESDA uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to GESDA, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all GESDA web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on the GESDA website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nGESDA reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nGESDA complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Under these laws and regulations, you may have certain rights to your data. 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